47 countries of the Western World,> 3, 098, 456 Excess mortality 2021, 42 countries 2022, 43 countries Conclusions Excess mortality has remained high in the Western World for three consecutive years
This raises serious concerns. Government leaders and policymakers need to thoroughly investigate underlying causes of persistent excess mortality. 2015β2019 compared to 2020β2024
Causality may be adjudicated by larger scale associations, consistent between countries, where other explanations are unlikely, where effect follows cause, where greater exposure causes more harm with a plausible biological mechanism with coherence between bench science and epidemiological data supported by (even limited) experimentation. By analogy to other causes of harm and sometimes by reversibility.
